The PHR was initially developed in the 1980s by Sandia National Laboratories as a way to increase the operating temperature of solar central receivers above the highest achieved temperature of 557 ̊C with molten salt as a heat transfer medium ( Falcone et al., 1985).Ī 1.3MWe CSP plant using the PHR technology is being designed by the authors and going to be built in the northern border province of Saudi Arabia. A Particle Heating Receiver (PHR) is a direct absorption central receiver with a falling curtain of particles heated directly by a concentrated beam of sunlight from a heliostat field ( Wang et al., 2021). New technology in CSP is being developed in Saudi Arabia by the authors and in other countries ( Abdelrahman et al., 2019 Al-Ansary et al., 2020 Alaqel et al., 2021 Xie et al., 2022) which is the solid particle heating receiver based CSP systems. Under the Saudi Vision 2030, the goals for the Kingdom’s National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) were revised to generate 27.3 GW of renewable energy by 2024 and 58.7 GW by 2030 with a capacity of 2.7 GW from concentrated solar power (CSP) ( Middle East Business Intelligence, MEED, 2019). In 2020, the share of renewable energy in global electricity generation reached 28.6% ( IEA, 2021) and must reach 65% to meet the goal of reducing CO 2 emissions to the limit as per ETP 2014 2☌ Scenario ( IEA, 2014). A reliable, sustainable, and cost-effective carbon-free energy production is required to meet tomorrow’s energy demands. Several countries around the world have agreed to decrease carbon emissions to keep global average temperature rise well below 2☌, according to the Paris Agreement ( United Nations, 2015). ![]() The results showed that the flux distribution is improved significantly after employing the multi aiming points strategy at the expense of greater spillage.īy 2050, the global energy demand is projected to increase by more than 66% based on 2011 global energy demand ( IEA, 2014). Engineering software packages SolarPILOT, SOLTRACE and MATLAB are used in combination to get the optimal flux distribution. In this study both single and multi aiming points strategies are applied by assigning a group of heliostats to a specific aim point on the receiver, resulting in a uniform flux distribution over the receiver surface. To overcome this problem, specifying multiple aiming points on the receiver aperture may control the solar flux distribution. The flux distribution on the receiver surface must be carefully managed to avoid dangerous flux peaks or excessive temperature gradients which might result in local hot spots resulting in damage of the receiver’s internal components over time. To this effect, the optimum control of the heliostats’ aiming points is one of the obstacles that must be overcome. High temperatures, thermal shocks, and temperature gradients produce substantial stresses on the receiver due to high, fluctuating, and non-homogeneous solar flux. The temperature distribution on the surface of the falling particle receiver is critical. ![]() Solid particles have been shown to be an effective heat transmission as well as thermal storage medium for falling particle receiver based solar power systems at temperatures up to 1,000☌.
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